What role do neurotransmitters play in the nervous system?

Neurotransmitters serve a critical function in the nervous system by transmitting signals between neurons. These chemical messengers are released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft, where they bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. This binding can lead to excitatory or inhibitory effects, depending on the type of neurotransmitter and receptor involved.

This signaling process is essential for various neural functions, including communication within the brain, modulation of mood, coordination of movements, and response to stimuli. By facilitating communication between neurons, neurotransmitters play a pivotal role in regulating the activities of the nervous system, influencing everything from cognitive processes to emotional responses.

Other options relate to different functions: while neurotransmitters are involved in muscle movements, they do not directly govern them. Genetic information storage is the role of DNA, and structural support for neurons is provided by glial cells, not neurotransmitters.